I have worked with a number of different groups over the past few years, helping them plan for and carry out a dark sky survey. There are many reasons why a group might want to do this:

1. As part of a formal assessment of their night sky, to allow them to apply to become a Dark Sky Place under the International Dark-sky Association‘s (IDA) programme.
2. To identify where the best observing site is, whether for public star-parties or for private amateur astronomy society observing
3. To support a case for improved lighting, whether from a local council, private landowner, the highways agency etc
4. Or just out of interest
    

The groups I have worked with – Forestry Commission Scotland as part of Galloway Forest Park‘s efforts to become an International Dark Sky Park (successful); the community on Sark, as they worked to become the world’s first Dark Sky Island (successful); Exmoor National Park, Peak District National Park, and Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, as they all work towards becoming Dark Sky Reserves (ongoing) – have all taken more or less the same approach, as advised by me.

I have been asked over the past couple of years whether any formal guidance is available for anyone wishing to carry out such a survey, and to my mind there is not. I have decided therefore to put together this guide to carrying out a dark sky survey.

The following is only my interpretation of the method that will yield the most useful data. This is not a formal IDA procedure, however it is the method I have used on two applications to date (one successful, one pending).

How to carry out a formal dark sky survey

Equipment

There are three basic components to a dark sky survey. These are:

1. Quantitative measurements using a light meter or similar device. The IDA recommend using a Sky Quality Metre with Lens (SQM-L), if only so that all measurements are consistent. The simple hand-held SQM-L costs around £100.
2. Photographic all-sky images to reveal sources of light pollution. The equipment needed for this is a bit more expensive; a full-frame digital SLR camera (such as the Canon 5D) plus a 180 degree fisheye lens (such as the Sigma 8mm F3.5 EX DG Circular Fisheye Lens) which combined will cost around £2300. The IDA insist on photographic evidence as a requirement for application.
3. Qualitative assessment of the night sky using the naked eye, in order to rate the sky using the Bortle Scale.

General Points

You should try and carry out your survey on a clear night, with little or no cloud cover. This will not always be possible, but even slight cloud cover can impact on your readings.  You should make a note of observing and meteorological conditions throughout each evening of surveying. If your survey is being carried out over several nights, this is especially important.

You should, of course, avoid carrying out the survey when the moon is in the sky, and wait until the end of astronomical twilight.

Using the SQM-L

The Sky Quality Metre is a simple device, with one button and one numerical display. Here is how to use the SQM-L:

1. You will need a SQM-L, as well as a means of recording the readings. Pen and paper is fine, but a voice recorder can also be useful to allow you to make verbal notes as you go along.
2. Point the SQM-L at the zenith (the point of the sky directly overhead) and push the button. Within a few seconds (if the sky is really dark it may take tens of seconds) a number will display on the readout.
3. Discard the first reading, as it may be inaccurate due to thermal noise on the sensor.
4. Take as many readings as possible so that you can get an accurate average reading in that location.
5. Despite the fact that the SQM-L gives you readings to 2 decimal places, it’s only necessary to quote them to one decimal place, as the device is only that accurate.

Taking all-sky images

The purpose of the photographic survey is to supplement the SQM-L readings with a visual image, which will allow you to eyeball the sources of local light pollution. It is possible to carry out a quantitative analysis of an all-sky image, but that’s beyond the scope of a normal dark sky survey.

The camera settings should be:

ISO: 1000
Aperture: fully open (f/3.5)
Shutter Speed: 180s (in places with more light pollution you will need a shorter exposure time, around 120s)
Focus: Manual, infinity

The camera should, of course, be mounted on a tripod and pointed to the zenith so that the perimeter of the circular fisheye image will be the horizon. You should use a cable release or remote control.

Establishing your sky’s Bortle Class

Using the naked eye, you should assess your sky’s Bortle Class, using the table here.

How many locations should I include in my survey?

This will depend on the size of the area you wish to survey, but there are a few good rules of thumb. In general you will want to get SQM-L readings in all suitable locations, backed up with a selection of all-sky photographs, and a few Bortle Class assessments. You should:

Use an SQM-L to:

1. Get two series of readings that bisect the area, i.e. at regular intervals (every km) running north-south, and east-west through the area, or along any roads / tracks through the area
2. Take readings at regular intervals (every km) along all roads within the area
3. Take readings from all car parks / lay-bys etc where people might stop to stargaze
4. Take readings at any visitors centres / halls / sports fields etc where you might consider running a star party or stargazing event
5. Take readings within any settlements / villages /  towns within the area as these will probably be where visitors will come and stay
6. Try and get a reading of the darkest part of the area, even if that is not easily accessible
7. Try and get readings of the most light polluted parts of the area

Use the all-sky camera to:

1. Take images at any visitors centres / halls / sports fields etc where you might consider running a star party or stargazing event
2. Take images in the darkest part of the area
3. Take images at any other locations you feel are relevant.

Assess the Bortle Class of the sky at:

1. Any visitors centres / halls / sports fields etc where you might consider running a star party or stargazing event
2. The darkest part of the area
3. Any settlements / villages /  towns within the area as these will probably be where visitors will come and stay
4. Any other locations you feel are relevant.

Following this procedure you should end up with a database of SQM-L readings, a selection of all-sky images, and a handful of Bortle Class assessments. This should satisfy the IDA should you wish to apply for formal recognition for the area, and certainly provide you with more than enough information to assess the quality of your night sky. More crucially, if these guidelines are regularly followed it will allow for direct comparison between different dark sites.

Any readings should be made public so that others can see the results, and mydarksky.com aims to be the one-stop-shop for such readings.

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To view more from Steve Owens visit his blog. You can also follow @darkskyman on twitter. 
 

There are a variety of ways of measuring your night sky quality, and one of the most effective ways is by looking for the faintest star you can find with your naked eye, and noting its brightness, or magnitude. This provides what is known as Naked Eye Limiting Magnitude, NELM.

Of course just randomly casting about the sky for faint stars can lead you on a merry chase, and so a very useful method is to use one specific constellation – one you can always see, no matter what time of year – and look only at stars within that one constellation. This narrows the field somewhat, and makes your task that much easier.

For observers in Europe and North America the constellation of Ursa Minor, the Little Bear, provides an excellent choice for estimating NELM.

The overall shape of Ursa Minor is made up of seven bright-ish stars, but around and amongst these are many more fainter stars.

Even some of these “brighter” stars might not be visible from city centres. For example, if you are observing from a site with Bortle Class 8 you would not see η-UMi, while those unhappy stargazers under a Bortle Class 9 sky would only be able to pick out the three brightest stars, α-, β-, and γ-UMi. Only at Bortle Class 7 and darker will you make out all seven of the main stars of Ursa Minor.

But what if you’re at a good dark sky site? Well, you’re going to need a longer list of magnitudes, and a more detailed map of Ursa Minor.
 

The stars in the map and table above have been numbered (by me – these aren’t official designations) from 1 to 19, with 1 (Polaris) being the brightest, and 19 (14 UMi) being the dimmest. You will only be able to see all 19 numbered stars from exceptionally dark places, virtually free of light pollution, what Bortle called “typical truly dark sky sites”. From my garden in the outskirts of a major city I can see numbers 11 and 12, but not number 13, giving me an NELM of 5.45.

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To view more from Steve Owens visit his blog. You can also follow @darkskyman on twitter.

MyDarkSky and Macclesfield Astronomical Society members will be making an appearance on TV Tonight, for the BBC show Inside Out.   

BBC reporter Jacey Normand joined us for the evening as we introduced local school students and scouts to some of the wonders of the night sky.  The film will show MaccAstro's work in astronomy outreach and also highlight issues of light pollution.  

More details will follow after the show has aired.

Motorway lights are being switched off along many stretches of the country in an attempt to cut Britain’s carbon footprint.

Whilst driving on the M5 last week I noticed signs along 2 stretches informing drivers that lights would be switched off between midnight and 5am. Currently over half of the 1,800 miles of motorway in England are unlit.  One of these stretches is the M6 in Cheshire where I've lived for many years.  I drive along the M6 a lot at night. I've never considered it to be an issue.

The highway agency also announced recently a 15 mile Stretch of the M1 between Milton Keynes and Luton will be permanently switched off, after a successful trial. Lighting will be retained at Junctions and the approaches to junctions only.

The agency's director, Derek Turner, said: "Since 2009 we've switched lighting off between the hours of midnight and 5am on 14 carefully-selected stretches of motorways and evidence so far indicates that switching off the lights hasn't had an impact on safety. In March this year we also began permanently switching off motorway lights at three sites. This is not about wishing to remove all lights from the motorway network. It's about carefully identifying the locations where, under the revised guidelines, we would no longer install lighting.

"The money saved could then be used for other measures on the strategic road network where it would have a more significant safety benefit and potentially save more lives. We anticipate achieving an annual reduction in carbon emissions on this M1 stretch of about 810 tonnes.”

Street lights on the M65 motorway between Burnley and Colne have also been switched off. It follows the Highways Agency's decision to switch off lights on the rest of the motorway, which runs from Colne to Bamber Bridge.

Switch-offs have taken place in other areas over the last two years including in Kent, Berkshire, Hampshire, Devon, Avon and Somerset and on an adjoining site on the M6 in Lancashire.

Bob Castleman, divisional director for the Highways Agency, said he expected the switch-off to achieve up to a 40% saving in carbon emissions and energy use as well as giving local communities reduced light pollution of the night sky.

Staff in the Highways Agency's regional control centres have the ability to override the mechanism and will consider leaving the lights on should severe weather be forecast on these parts of the strategic road network overnight, the agency added.

The dark sky season is returning to the northern hemisphere and we can begin to surveyed the night sky once again.  We are looking for new members who are concerned about light pollution and are willing to go out and survey their local skies. 

We would also like people to photograph good and bad examples of lighting in their local areas.  Do you know of a castle, pub, monument or other building that is illuminated at night and also lights up the sky.  Maybe your local council has replaced old street lighting with full cut off lights and you'd like to tell us about that.  In the coming months will will be both praising people who have made a difference by removing poor lighting and also we will name and shame the biggest producers of light pollution.

       Councillor Rod Menlove

As part of Cheshire East Council’s commitment to reduce carbon emissions and energy usage, Councillor Rod Menlove is currently leading phase 1 of reduced street lighting trial in the Wilmslow area.  Phase 1 which involves 80% of the lighting being cut between the hours of 11pm and 6am began on the 1st February and will last for 4 weeks.  Phase 2 will commence on 1st March for a further 4 weeks and will see all street lighting turned off between the hours of 11pm and 6am.

Tim O'Brien, an Astrophysicist from University of Manchester Jodrell Bank Observatory, said: "We are supportive of the campaign for dark skies. Any form of lighting from buildings or street lighting should be designed to reduce the light going up into the sky as there are a number of wonderful things to see in our skies, such as the Milky Way. Any amount of consideration for how this light is used and methods of reducing light from buildings or street lights is worthwhile."

Further Information

Cheshire East Press Release

Cheshire East Street Lighting Page

What are your views on Street Lighting Energy Saving Trials? Please give us you comments.

Tonight myself and my young apprentice set off to survey sites between Nantwich and Wrenbury. Gathering data both for this site and towards our GCSE coursework we share with you our thoughts.

First Stop: Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker

It turns out that Hack Green isn't all that secret after all. The reason being, there are banks of flood lights all around Hack Green that light the area for hundreds and meters around the site.  I was looking forward to surveying this site as I'd been many times before during daylight hours and had noted that there was very little for miles around. Hack Green has a reasonably large carpark and it would be a great place for observation, just a few miles outside Nantwich it's not overly effected by local light pollution spillage, other than that it creates itself. 

View Hack Green on MyDarkSky

Heatley Lane

Next stop, we'd already decided to head to the Dusty Miller pub in Wrenbury but as we we're onroute we couldn't help look at the window and marvel at the number of stars we could see.  So naturally we stopped and took a reading.  We happened to be by a grass verge just off the A530 near Wrenbury.  It wasn't somewhere you'd stop and setup your scope but it showed the area in general had good dark skies.

View Heatley Lane on MyDarkSky

Dusty Miller Pub

The Dusty Miller is a traditional country pub situated on the Llangollen Canal in the village of Wrenbury.  The Village itself has some street lighting and because of this the area did have some light pollution.  Saying that if you can find a dark spot in the area you'll be very happy with the skies around here. I was impressed and could see a big difference in the magnitude of stars visible here then in Nantwich only a few miles away.

View Dusty Miller on MyDarkSky

St Michael's Church, Baddiley

The Parish Church of St. Michael's is a Grade 1 listed building near the village of Wrenbury in Cheshire.  This was a lovely little find and we couldn't believe the results.  At the end of Baddiley Hall Lane with no through road and well away from the main road this location had excellent dark skies.  With no local street lighting and no worries about oncoming car headlights disturbing our night vision we spent some time here just gazing.  We got an excellent SQM reading of 20.85 and as we stood there no more than 2 feet from each other we genuinely couldn't see each other. 

View St Michael's Church on MyDarkSky

Last Stop: Marsh Lane 3

As we heading back towards Nantwich we noticed another MyDarkSky user had entered Marsh Lane 1, and Marsh Lane 2, and as we were alone Marsh Lane we thought it was the idea time to survey Marsh Lane 3.  We'd just driven through the village of Ravensmoor which was well lit with street lighting and decided to stop along marsh lane and take a reading. 

View Marsh Lane 3 on MyDarkSky

Conclusion

Hopefully combining the data entered by other MyDarkSky users in and around the Nantwich area and the data we'd gathered tonight we would be able to get a better feel for how light pollution changes as we move away from a town centre.  Nantwich is only a small town, but even a small town can pollute our skies and spoil the view for people living there.  Hopefully anybody who lives in Nantich who reads this blog entry will take the time to drive just a few miles south to the village of Wrenbury and will appreciate the difference just a few miles can make.

Good news for stargazers in the Channel Islands. Sark has been designated a Dark Sky Community, and the first Dark Sky Island in the world by the International Dark-Sky Association.

Sark is such an ideal location for dark sky observing because there are no public street lights. Street lighting isn't needed because Sark had no paved roads and cars are banned. Being 9 miles from Guernsey and over 20 miles from mainland France Sark is far enough away from any sources of light pollution to allow naked eye astronomy. The population of Sark is around 600 and many of the Sark residents were required to make adjustments to their own lighting in order for Sark to be successful. 

Following an Audit by the International Dark-Sky Association in 2010 Sark has officially been recognised for the quality of its night sky and has been designated the world’s first dark sky island.

The Milky Way above the Seigneur's Mill on Sark (Credit: Martin Morgan-Taylor)

Stargazers on Sark enjoy the wonder of the Milky Way (Credit: Martin Morgan-Taylor)

FURTHER INFORMATION

Sark Tourism: http://sark.info/

International Dark-sky association: http://www.darksky.org/

Steve Owen's Dark Sky Diary: http://darkskydiary.wordpress.com

New Users

If you would like to get involved in the project please register and you can start taking naked eye reading right away.  Your data will be instantly visible on our NELM map to any users looking for information in your area.

If you have access to a Unihedron Sky Quality Meter you will be able to add readings to our SQM map. Please email the admin team who will be happy to assist you.

Additional Information

For additional information regarding Unihedron Sky Quality Meters please visit the Unihedron website.

For instruction on completing a dark sky survey please visit Steve Owen's Dark Sky Diary.